By contrast, a wide area network wan not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits ethernet and wifi are the two most common technologies. Basics a routing protocol sets up a routing table in routers and switch controllers a node makes a local choice depending on global topology. Unlike the star hubandspoke topology, a ring topology has no end points. Network protocols are formal standards and policies comprised of rules, procedures and formats that define communication between two or more devices over a network. Lan topologies have to support the broadcast nature of the network and provide full connectivity between all stations. The common types of connections that used in lan are ethernet and token ring. The hda is the main transition point between backbone and horizontal cabling and houses the lan, san and kvm switches that connect to the active equipment servers, mainframes, storage devices. Ethernet is the most popular lan technology large installed base 500 million ethernet nodes more than 95% of lan traffic is ethernet based ethernet supports 10 mbs, 100 mbs fast ethernet, 1 gbs gigabit ethernet and 10 gbs 10gbe ethernet standardized by ieee 802. By contrast, a wide area network wan not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits. Network topologies define the layout, virtual shape or structure of. Different types of networks, standards and protocols available. Introduction to networking protocols and architecture. The computers on a network are also coupled through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or.
Ethernet 6 ethernet history set of protocols at the physical and data link layer mac sublayer developed by robert metcalfe, at xerox, in 1970s promoted and used by dec, ibm and xerox in 1980s 10 mbps ethernet became an ieee standard in 1985 ieee 802. Common protocols 63 process is a clientserver communication type in which the client computer requests an ip address from a dhcp server and the server acknowledges it by giving it one. The star or hub topology is one of the most common network topologies found in most offices and home networks. The stp root bridge is the logical center of the spanning tree topology in a layer 2 network.
Many lan technologies that use ring topology use token passing for synchronized access to the ring ring itself is treated as a single, shared communication medium bits pass from transmitter, past other computers and are copied by destination. Network topologies michigan technological university. As the naming conventions suggest, lans are for smaller, more localized networking in a home, business, school, etc. Protocols and standards are what make networks work together. There are two types of network architecture that can be implemented in the local area network, peertopeer networking and clientserver networking. Historically, lans have been broadcast networks, meaning that every lan station hears every transmission on the medium. There are many different types of networks, standards and protocols available for use today in organisations and households. Types of network topology in computer networks studytonight. Also, you will learn about the most common types of protocols used by the network models while communicating one system with another.
A comprehensive introduction raj jain professor of computer science and engineering. Mesh topology the network can be expanded complicated implementation without disruption to current uses requires more cable than the other lan topologies provides redundant paths between devices advantages disadvantages. The resources such as printers, file servers, scanners, and internet are easily sharable among computers. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks network topology is the topological structure of a. Mesh topology a mesh topology is when all computers and devices on a network are interconnected with each other which allows for data exchange between all devices, even if there is a loss of connection between two devices.
Below are some examples of these different network types, standards and protocols a lan is used to connect a group of computers and devices in order for them to communicate. Horizontal distribution area hda the horizontal distribution areaor hdais the space where the horizontal crossconnect resides. The basic functionality of dhcp is a simple fourstep process. Network protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network. Types of network protocols and their uses in this chapter, you can find a detailed description of various useful protocols and their types.
Issued june 2014 abstract network topology is the way various components of a network like nodes, links, peripherals, etc are arranged. The ring and bus topologies attempt to eliminate the. A combination of any two or more network topologies. Louis 2008 raj jain computer networking and internet protocols. If you have any questions regarding this free computer science tutorials,short questions and answers,multiple choice questions and answersmcq sets,online testquiz,short study notes dont hesitate to contact us via facebook,or through our website. The ohio state university raj jain 2 9 layering protocols of a layer perform a similar set of functions all alternatives for a row have the same interfaces choice of protocols at a layer is independent of those of at other layers. A network consists of 2 or a lot of computers that are coupled so as to share resources such as cds and printers, exchange files, or enable electronic communications. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
The process begins with packet 1 when the client computer sends a dhcp. This is no hierarchy with a flat network design, and because each network device within the topology is performing the same job, a flat network design can be easy to implement and manage. Fibre optic lan topology, access protocols and standards topologies, access protocols and standards for fibre optic lans are discussed by gerald l herskowitz and ion g warmst the attributes of various topologies and access protocols under consideration by local area network suppliers and users for fibre optic local area networks are described and compared in terms of the number of network. This address is technically called the media access control address mac because it is found on the mac sub layer of the data link layer. Principles, protocols and practice, release techniques allow to create pointtopoint links while radiobased techniques, depending on the directionality of the antennas, can be used to build networks containing devices spread over a small geographical area. It has become very popular in contrast to the bus type. Dec 01, 2015 there are many different types of networks, standards and protocols available for use today in organisations and households. Routing algorithm if endpoints are within same co, directly connect if call is between cos in same lec, use onehop path between cos otherwise send call to one of the cores only major decision is at toll switch onehop or twohop path to the destination toll switch why dont we need longer paths. Data communication and computer network 4 lan provides a useful way of sharing the resources between end users. A hybrid topology always accrues when two different basic network topologies are connected. A tree topology is a combination of two or more star topologies that are connected together, or a bus network of star networks. Solved multiple choice questions on computer networking.
This cost savings can be worthwhile even in a situation in which local hosts are to be connected only to a single long. Chapter 29 spanning tree protocols information about spanning tree protocols stp overview stp, the ieee 802. Internet protocols 301 30 internet protocols background the internet protocols are the worlds most popular opensystem nonproprietary protocol suite because they can be used to communicate across any set of interconnected networks and are equally well suited for lan and wan communications. Both token ringieee and fiber distributed data interface fddi use a ring topology. Lan configurations topologies the physical arrangement of a lan s components is called its configuration or topology. The repeater in this case is a function of the lanattached stations network interface card nic. Pdf networking protocols and standards for internet of things. Network topologies, communication protocols, and standards. The computers on a network are also coupled through cables. A network topology is the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. Thinnet 10 base2, also known as coax cable black in colour and thicknet 10 base 5 yellow in colour is used in these type of topologies. Lan, which stands for local area network, and wan, which stands for wide area network, are two types of networks that allow for interconnectivity between computers. Lan topologies 19 ring topology all stations in a ring topology are considered repeaters and are enclosed in a loop.
A flat network topology, as illustrated in figure 108, is adequate for small networks and is implemented using layer 2 switching. The computers on a network are also coupled through cables, telephone. The two lower layers of the open systems interconnection osi reference model isoiec international standard, information technology open systems interconnection basic reference model. Topics addressed focus on the methods and devices used in ethernetieee 802. The difference is that a ring topology makes a complete circle. Before discussing lan wan and man, let us know about the network network. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. A local area network lan is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. The logical topology describes how the broadcast nature of the lan is actually affected, and, therefore, how stations participate in the process of obtaining permission to transmit on the medium. Standards also make it possible for network components manufactured by different companies to work together. The physical topology describes how the lan stations are physically connected so that they can communicate with each other. You can also create hybrid topologies by combining features of these configurations.
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements links, nodes, etc. Let us go through various lan technologies in brief. Unicast multicast broadcast unicast with unicast transmissions, a single packet is sent from the source to a. This chapter provides an overview of local area network lan concepts, topologies, technologies, and design. They ensure that computer network devices can transmit and receive data using a common language regardless of their different designs, hardware or infrastructures. Protocols make it possible for the various components of a network to communicate with each other. Network which uses shared media has high probability of data collision. Rules of network protocol include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a network. Chapter 2 introduction to lan protocols lan devices figure 25 a logical tree topology can contain multiple nodes lan devices devices commonly used in lans include repeaters, hubs, lan extenders, bridges, lan switches, and routers.
Topology passive star pointtopoint link pointtopoint link max. Lans are composed of inexpensive networking and routing equipment. Data link layer protocols create, transmit, and receive packets. Build first, standardize later osi took too long to standardize. The three major types of lan configurations, or topologies, are the star, the bus, and the ring.
A protocol is a set of rules that enables effective communications to occur. The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central node. An introduction to local area networks research mit. Local area network topologies, protocols, and design. Fibre optic lan topology, access protocols and standards. Note repeaters, hubs, and lan extenders are discussed briefly in this section. Network topologies topology physical and logical network layout physical actual layout of the computer cables and other network devices logical the way in which the network appears to the devices that use it. Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. Lan configurations topologies the physical arrangement of a lans components is called its configuration or topology. Essence of problem which twohop path to use if onehop path is full. Before discussing lan wan and man, let us know about the network. Lan topologies the application in use, such as multimedia, database updates, email, or.
Lan protocol architectures are specified by ieee 802. The logical topologies are generally determined by network protocols as opposed to. Types of network protocols and their uses w3schools. Pdf networking protocols and standards for internet of. Private addresses and public addresses class c vs class a addresses extension header vs base header distance vector vs link state routing interdomain vs intradomain routing universal vs multicast bit spanning tree vs isis ubr vs abr diffserv vs intserv. Fibre optic lan topology, access protocols and standards topologies, access protocols and standards for fibre optic lans are discussed by gerald l herskowitz and ion g warmst the attributes of various topologies and access protocols under consideration by local area network suppliers and users for fibre optic local area networks are described and compared in terms of. This technology was invented by bob metcalfe and d. The network interface card address, called the hardware address, is protocol independent and is usually assigned at the factory. In mesh topology, relationship between one device and another is a primary to peer. Usually, a central computer is attached with subcontrollers which in turn participate in a variety of topologies hybrid topology hybrid topology. Selling cisco smb foundation solutions networking fundamentals.
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